The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently reported a significant surge in norovirus cases across the United States, with numbers more than doubling compared to previous years. Known as the stomach flu, norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea, impacting people of all ages. This increase in cases, especially during the colder months, has raised concerns, particularly for travelers and vulnerable groups like children and seniors. Let’s dive deeper into what norovirus is, how it spreads, and how to protect yourself.
What is Norovirus?
Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Often referred to as the stomach flu, it is not related to the influenza virus. It is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, responsible for about 58% of food-related sicknesses.
While the symptoms are unpleasant, most people recover within a couple of days. However, norovirus can be severe for young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
Why Are Norovirus Cases Rising?
According to the CDC, the week of December 5 saw 91 reported cases of norovirus, more than twice the highest number recorded between 2021 and 2024. States like Minnesota have also seen a significant increase in cases, with health officials reporting double the average number of infections for December.
Outbreaks have been linked to contaminated food, particularly oysters, and have occurred in places like restaurants and cruise ships. The virus thrives in colder months, with most cases reported from November to April. In years with new strains, cases can rise by up to 50%.
Symptoms of Norovirus
The symptoms of norovirus can appear suddenly and include:
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Stomach cramps
- Dark-colored urine or less frequent urination (a sign of dehydration)
- Dry mouth
- Weakness or dizziness
Less common symptoms include:
- Low-grade fever or chills
- Headaches
- Muscle aches
For young children, symptoms may include fussiness, excessive sleepiness, or crying without tears, indicating dehydration. Symptoms usually begin 12 to 48 hours after exposure and last for 1 to 2 days.
How Does Norovirus Spread?
Norovirus spreads quickly and easily. Here are the main ways you can contract it:
- Eating or drinking contaminated food or water: Raw or undercooked shellfish, like oysters, are common culprits.
- Close contact with an infected person: This includes sharing food, utensils, or personal items.
- Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth or nose: The virus can survive on surfaces for days if not properly cleaned.
Even after recovering, a person can remain contagious for up to two weeks, making it essential to follow strict hygiene practices.
Recent Outbreaks Linked to Food and Travel
Recent norovirus outbreaks have been tied to contaminated food and cruise ships, both of which are popular during the holiday season.
Food-Related Outbreaks
- In Los Angeles, over 80 people fell ill after eating oysters at a food event.
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued warnings about shellfish from British Columbia, Canada, due to potential contamination.
Cruise Ship Outbreaks
Cruise ships are particularly vulnerable to norovirus outbreaks because of the close quarters and shared dining spaces.
- On a Holland America Line cruise, 83 passengers and 12 crew members became ill with vomiting and diarrhea.
- Similar outbreaks occurred on Princess Cruises’ Ruby Princess and another Holland America ship, the Zuiderdam.
How Norovirus Impacts Travelers
Travelers are at a higher risk of contracting norovirus due to shared spaces and exposure to unfamiliar environments.
- Cruise Passengers: The virus can spread rapidly in crowded spaces like dining areas and communal restrooms.
- Air Travelers: Touching contaminated surfaces like tray tables or armrests increases the risk of infection.
- Food Enthusiasts: Eating at events or consuming raw seafood poses additional risks.
For travelers, falling ill can disrupt plans, lead to financial losses, and even require medical attention in a foreign location.
Preventing Norovirus: Tips for Travelers
- Practice Hand Hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using public restrooms or before eating. Alcohol-based sanitizers are less effective against norovirus.
- Avoid Contaminated Food: Avoid raw or undercooked shellfish and ensure fruits and vegetables are properly washed.
- Disinfect Surfaces: Use bleach-based cleaners to disinfect frequently touched surfaces in hotel rooms or cruise cabins.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink bottled or filtered water and avoid ice cubes if the water source is questionable.
- Choose Safe Dining Options: Opt for well-reviewed restaurants and avoid street food in areas with known outbreaks.
Treating Norovirus
There is no specific medication for norovirus. Antibiotics won’t work since it’s a viral infection. The best approach is to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids like water, sports drinks, or oral rehydration solutions (e.g., Pedialyte).
- Eat Light Foods: Stick to easily digestible foods like rice, bananas, or toast.
- Rest: Give your body time to recover by getting plenty of sleep.
For severe dehydration, especially in young children or the elderly, seek medical attention immediately.
Long-Term Impact of Norovirus
While most people recover quickly, norovirus can have longer-term consequences in certain cases:
- Economic Costs: Outbreaks can lead to significant financial losses for affected industries like cruise lines and restaurants.
- Healthcare Strain: With over a million pediatric medical visits annually due to norovirus, healthcare systems can face additional burdens.
- Traveler Confidence: Frequent outbreaks on cruises or at popular events may deter travelers from booking trips.
Steps to Stop the Spread of Norovirus
To reduce the spread of norovirus, follow these preventive measures:
- Stay Home: Avoid work, school, or travel for at least two days after symptoms stop.
- Wash Your Hands: Use soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the restroom or changing diapers.
- Clean Contaminated Surfaces: Disinfect with bleach-based cleaners, as norovirus is resistant to many standard cleaning agents.
- Wash Laundry Thoroughly: Use hot water and detergent to clean contaminated clothing or linens.
- Handle Food Safely: Wash produce thoroughly, cook seafood to the proper temperature, and avoid preparing food for others when sick.
Staying Safe Amid Rising Cases
The rise in norovirus cases is a reminder of the importance of hygiene and vigilance, especially during peak travel seasons. Whether you’re attending a festive event, dining out, or embarking on a cruise, taking simple precautions can significantly reduce your risk of infection.
For travelers, preparation is key. Pack hand sanitizers, disinfectant wipes, and oral rehydration solutions to stay prepared. By staying informed and cautious, you can enjoy your travels without falling victim to the stomach flu.